1. Assertion (A): Artificial satellites are always launched from the earth in the eastward direction. 2. Reason (R): The earth rotates from west to east and so the satellite attains the escape velocity.

1. Assertion (A) states that artificial satellites are always launched from the earth in the eastward direction. This is generally true for launching satellites into prograde orbits (orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation), especially geostationary orbits. Launching eastward takes advantage of the Earth's rotational speed, giving the launch vehicle an initial velocity boost, thus saving fuel. However, satellites intended for polar orbits or retrograde orbits are often launched southward or northward. 2. Reason (R) states that the earth rotates from west to east and so the satellite attains the escape velocity. The first part is true (earth rotates west to east). The second part is incorrect. Launching eastward helps the satellite attain *orbital velocity* more efficiently, not escape velocity. Escape velocity is the speed needed to break free from Earth's gravity entirely (e.g., for interplanetary missions), which is much higher than orbital velocity. 3. Since A is generally true (though not 'always' in the absolute sense, it reflects common practice for many orbits) and R contains a factual error regarding escape velocity, the situation fits 'A is true but R is false'.