Consider the following : 1. Electromagnetic radiation 2. Geothermal energy 3. Gravitational force 4. Plate movements 5. Rotation of the earth 6. Revolution of the earth Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?

1. Electromagnetic radiation (primarily solar energy) drives the climate system, weather patterns, evaporation, and photosynthesis, leading to weathering, erosion, and biological activity, all causing dynamic changes on the Earth's surface. 2. Geothermal energy originates from the Earth's interior, driving mantle convection, which leads to plate movements (tectonics), volcanism, and earthquakes – major agents of dynamic change. 3. Gravitational force is responsible for mass wasting (landslides, slumps), the flow of water (rivers, glaciers), influencing erosion and deposition, and also drives tidal forces. 4. Plate movements directly reshape the Earth's surface by creating mountains, ocean trenches, causing earthquakes, and facilitating volcanic activity. 5. The rotation of the earth influences atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns (Coriolis effect), affecting climate and weather, and contributes to tidal forces and the diurnal cycle which impacts weathering. 6. The revolution of the earth around the sun, combined with axial tilt, causes seasons, which significantly impact weather patterns, erosion rates, vegetation cover, and glacial cycles. 7. All the listed factors play a role, either directly or indirectly, through endogenic (internal) or exogenic (external) processes, in bringing about dynamic changes on the surface of the earth.