Consider the following taxes: 1. Corporation tax 2. Customs duty 3. Wealth tax 4. Excise duty Which of these is/are indirect taxes?

1. Indirect taxes are taxes levied on goods and services rather than on income or profits. They are typically passed on to the end consumer. 2. Corporation tax (1) is a direct tax levied on the profits of companies. 3. Customs duty (2) is a tax levied on goods imported into or exported out of a country. It is considered an indirect tax as it is usually included in the price of the imported goods paid by consumers or businesses. 4. Wealth tax (3) was a direct tax levied on the net wealth of individuals, HUFs, and companies (abolished in India in 2015). 5. Excise duty (4) is a tax levied on the production or manufacture of goods within a country. It is an indirect tax, as the cost is typically passed on to the buyer. (Note: Most excise duties are now subsumed under GST in India, but it was a major indirect tax in 2001). Therefore, Customs duty (II) and Excise duty (IV) are indirect taxes.