Consider the following techniques/ phenomena : 1. Budding and grafting in fruit plants 2. Cytoplasmic male sterility 3. Gene silencing Which of the above is/are used to create transgenic crops?

1. Transgenic crops are created through genetic engineering, typically involving the insertion of foreign genes (transgenes) to confer desired traits. 2. Statement 1: Budding and grafting are methods of vegetative propagation (asexual reproduction) used in fruit plants and others. They involve joining parts of different plants but do not involve genetic modification at the DNA level to create a transgenic organism. They are used to propagate desirable varieties, which might include transgenic ones, but they don't create them. 3. Statement 2: Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a trait (often naturally occurring but can be induced) where a plant is unable to produce functional pollen. While CMS itself is not a method of creating transgenic crops, genetic engineering techniques (which create transgenic organisms) are sometimes used to induce or restore male fertility, often interacting with CMS systems, making it a relevant tool in modern plant breeding involving biotechnology. 4. Statement 3: Gene silencing (e.g., through RNA interference or RNAi) is a modern biotechnological technique often employed in creating transgenic crops. It involves introducing specific genetic constructs (transgenes) designed to suppress the expression of target genes (either native genes or those from pathogens). This is a direct method used to create certain types of transgenic crops. Considering the techniques directly involved in or closely associated with the manipulation and creation of genetically engineered crops, CMS (as a system often manipulated by transgenics) and Gene silencing (a direct transgenic technique) fit the description, while traditional budding and grafting do not.