Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, while the others are called Viharas. What is the difference between the two?

1. In the context of Buddhist rock-cut caves, Chaityas and Viharas serve distinct functions. 2. A Chaitya (or Chaitya-griha) is essentially a prayer hall or place of worship for Buddhist followers. Its most prominent feature is usually a stupa located at the apsidal (far) end, which is the object of veneration. Devotees would circumambulate the stupa. 3. A Vihara is a monastery or the residential quarter for monks. It typically consists of a central hall or courtyard surrounded by small cells or rooms which served as the dwelling place for the monks. 4. Therefore, the key difference between the two is their primary function: Chaitya is the place of worship, and Vihara is the dwelling place (monastery). 5. Option (B) accurately captures this distinction. Option (A) reverses the roles. Option (C) incorrectly defines Chaitya as only the stupa and Vihara as the hall, misrepresenting their functions. Option (D) is incorrect as there is a clear functional difference.