Which of the following kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha? 1. Avanti 2. Gandhara 3. Kosala 4. Magadha Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. The question asks which of the given kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha. 2. Statement 1: Avanti (capital Ujjain) was an important kingdom, but historical accounts suggest the Buddha did not visit it, although Buddhism was later spread there by his disciples like Mahakaccana. So, it's not directly associated with his life events. Statement 1 is incorrect. 3. Statement 2: Gandhara (region in modern Pakistan/Afghanistan) was far to the northwest, and the Buddha is not recorded as having traveled there. It became a major Buddhist center much later. Statement 2 is incorrect. 4. Statement 3: Kosala (capital Sravasti) was one of the most important regions during the Buddha's time. King Prasenajit was a contemporary and follower. The Buddha spent many rainy seasons (vassa) and delivered numerous sermons in Sravasti (e.g., at Jetavana monastery). Statement 3 is correct. 5. Statement 4: Magadha (capital Rajagriha, later Pataliputra) was the heartland of early Buddhism. King Bimbisara and later Ajatashatru were contemporaries. Major events like enlightenment (Bodh Gaya), and significant periods of teaching (Rajgir) occurred within or near Magadha. Statement 4 is correct. 6. Therefore, only Kosala and Magadha were directly associated with the life of the Buddha.