Which of the following were common to both Buddhism and Jainism? 1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment. 2. Indifference to the authority of the Vedas 3. Denial of efficacy of rituals 4. Non-injury to animal life Select the correct answer using the codes given below: Codes:

1. The question asks for the common features between Buddhism and Jainism. 2. Statement 1: Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment. Buddhism advocates the 'Middle Path' (Madhyama Pratipad), avoiding both extreme asceticism (penance) and excessive indulgence (enjoyment). Jainism, however, emphasizes rigorous asceticism and self-mortification as necessary for liberation. Thus, this is not common. 3. Statement 2: Indifference to the authority of the Vedas. Both Buddhism and Jainism originated as Sramanic movements that rejected the supreme authority of the Vedas and the Brahmanical system. This is common. 4. Statement 3: Denial of efficacy of rituals. Both traditions strongly criticized the complex, expensive, and often animal-sacrificing rituals advocated in Vedic religion, emphasizing ethical conduct and self-effort instead. This is common. 5. Statement 4: Non-injury to animal life (Ahimsa). Ahimsa is a cardinal principle in both religions. While Jainism takes it to an extreme level, the principle itself is fundamental to both. This is common. 6. Therefore, statements 2, 3, and 4 are common to both Buddhism and Jainism.