Which one of the following movements has contributed to a split in the Indian National Congress resulting in the emergence of 'moderates' and 'extremists?

1. The question asks which movement contributed to the split in the Indian National Congress (INC) into 'moderates' and 'extremists'. 2. The major split occurred during the Surat Session of the INC in December 1907. 3. This split was the culmination of growing ideological differences between the two factions, particularly regarding the methods and scope of the ongoing Swadeshi Movement (launched in 1905 against the Partition of Bengal). 4. The Moderates favoured constitutional agitation and limited boycott, while the Extremists advocated for more assertive methods like widespread boycott, passive resistance, and mass mobilization, wanting to extend the movement beyond Bengal. 5. Disagreements over the presidential candidate for the 1907 session and the resolutions on Swadeshi, Boycott, and National Education intensified the conflict, leading to the split. 6. The other major movements listed – Quit India Movement (1942), Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) – occurred after the split (though the factions later reunited and new dynamics emerged). 7. Therefore, the Swadeshi Movement (A) is the movement most directly associated with the circumstances leading to the 1907 split.